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Iobăgia - Enciclopedia României - prima enciclopedie online despre România

Iobăgia

de la Enciclopedia României

(Redirecționat de la Iobagi)
Salt la: navigare, căutare

Iobăgia era în Evul Mediu starea de dependenţă a ţăranilor din Transilvania. În Ţara Românească starea similară se numea „rumânie”, iar în Moldova „vecinie”. Au existat două forme mai importante de iobăgie: una mai uşoară, care presupunea doar anumite obligaţii materiale faţă de stăpânul feudal, şi una mai grea, numită „şerbie”, similară mai mult sclaviei, care presupunea, în plus faţă de starea precedentă, legătura iobagului de pământ.

Terminologie

Termenul de „iobag” provine din ebraică şi desemna iniţial pe credinciosul care datora clerului anumite servicii. În documentele vechi de limbă latină întâlnim forma iobago (plural iobagiones), iar în documentele maghiare este folosit cuvântul jobbagy.

Începuturile iobăgiei

Obligaţiile iobagului stau la originea dijmei eclezisastice, care s-a transformat în timp în fundament pentru dijma feudală. În Transilvania prima atestare documentară a iobăgiei datează din 1291 (în această perioadă avea loc trecerea de la robia propriu-zisă la iobăgie), dintr-un document care vorbeşte despre un anume Iuancea, „iobag al castrului Albei transilvane”. Până la 1514, marea masă a ţăranilor era, în principiu, liberă, dar avea o serie de obligaţii către rege (quinquagesima), biserică şi nobili. Pe lângă plata unor sume fixe, raportate la averea personală, aveau obligaţii militare, trebuiau să participe la lucrări publice la cetăţi, drumuri, poduri, găzduirea persoanelor oficiale, cărăuşie, servicii poştale etc. Clasa suprapusă avea doar obligaţia de a plăti dijma ecleziastică.

1514: Instaurarea şerbiei

După răscoala de la 1514, dieta a stabilit un nou statut al iobagului, cu mult mai sever. Dieta Transilvaniei a legiferat servitutea veşnică, sau şerbia, şi a stabilit pentru iobagi un număr de 52 de zile de lucru pe an. Din acest moment condiţia iobagilor transilvăneni tinde către condiţia sclavilor. Iobagii, ca şi moşiile de care erau legaţi, fac obiectul tranzacţiilor private ale nobililor şi prin urmare pot fi împrumutaţi, vânduţi sau cumpăraţi, schimbaţi sau dăruiţi, împreună cu moşia de care sunt legaţi. Motivele pentru care ţăranii liberi cădeau în iobăgie erau multiple: fiscalitatea excesivă, pedeapsa pentru răzvrătiri sau chiar din voinţă proprie, atunci când se puneau pe ei înşişi drept ipotecă pentru datorii private. Pentru români condiţia de iobag era cu atât mai grea, cu cât ei aveau doar statut de naţiune tolerată, cu toate că erau majoritari. Ţăranii unguri cădeau în iobăgie la fel ca ţăranii români, doar nobilii fiind consideraţi ca parte a „naţiunii”. În schimb saşii şi secuii beneficiau de ample privilegii, motiv pentru care iobăgia îi atingea într-o măsură mult mai mică.

În secolul XVII, iobagii se diferenţiau între iobagi ereditari (perpetui) şi iobagi taxalişti, care puteau să-şi răscumpere obligaţiile iobăgeşti plătind o anumită taxă. Tuturor iobagilor li se interzicea să poarte arme, să meargă călare sau să îmbrace altfel decât în haine de rând.

Iobăgia după 1714

În dieta din 1714 s-a stabilit robota de 4 zile pe săptămână pentru iobagi. Legea urbarială din 1769 a fost şi mai drastică, instituind obligativitatea muncii pe săptămână de 4 zile cu braţele şi 3 zile cu vitele, adică toate zilele săptămânii, în timpul muncilor agricole importante. Erau vizaţi doar bărbaţii şi doar munca câmpului. Mai mult, nobilii i-au silit pe iobagi să muncească 4 zile cu vitele şi 3 zile cu braţele. Dacă munca lor era considerată nesatisfăcătoare, stăpânii aveau dreptul să-i pedepsească pe loc, cu lovituri de băţ, iar de multe ori îi puteau chiar ucide, spânzuraţi sau bătuţi, prevalându-se de „dreptul de paloş” (drept de judecător suprem, inclusiv drept de aplicare a pedepselor capitale, acordat nobililor mai importanţi şi care s-a păstrat până în 1848).

Desfiinţarea iobăgiei

Iobăgia a fost abolită prin ordonanţa împăratului Iosif II din 22 august 1785. Suprimarea definitivă a iobăgiei a avut loc abia în 1848. În ajunul revoluţiei de la 1848, din cele 1.960 de sate din Transilvania, mai puţin cele din scaunele secuieşti şi săseşti, nu mai puţin de 1.866 erau sate de iobagi.

Bibliografie

  • SACHELARIE, Ovid; STOICESCU, Nicolae (coord.), Instituţii feudale din ţările române. Dicţionar, Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, Bucureşti, 1988
  • SMEU, Georgeta, Dicţionar de Istoria Românilor, Bucureşti, Editura Trei, 1997

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