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Cumani - Enciclopedia României - prima enciclopedie online despre România

Cumani

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Teritoriul confederației Cumano-Kipceak din anii 1200

Cumanii au fost o populaţie antică migratoare aparţinând ramurii vestice a neamurilor de limbă turcă şi erau înrudiţi cu pecenegii şi cu vechii bulgari. Ei au venit din stepa kirghiză, din Turkestan.

În secolul IX cumanii se aflau lângă fluviile Ural şi Volga. Ei apar în părţile noastre în anul 1057 când îi înfrâng pe pecenegi şi le ocupă aşezările. Stăpânirea lor durează cam două sute de ani, până la marea invazie tătară din anul 1241. Ţara lor se numea Cumania şi se întindea de la fluviul Don şi până la Carpaţi. Partea răsăriteană, unde se găsea şi centrul lor de putere, se numea „Cumania albă”, iar partea apuseană, vecină cu Ungaria (Transilvania) şi incluzând Moldova şi estul Ţării Româneşti, se numea „Cumania neagră”.

În anul 1114 cumanii trec Dunărea ca să prade imperiul bizantin, dar se retrag din faţa armatei bizantine înapoi peste fluviu. Bizantinii îi urmăresc peste Dunăre, probabil până la râul Olt.

În 1241 cumanii conduşi de regele lor Cuthen opun rezistenţă tătarilor şi chiar câştigă două victorii, dar în final atacaţi prin surprindere şi cer refugiu regelui ungur Bela al IV-lea care le dă loc de aşezare în câmpia Tisei şi a Dunării. Ungurii, bătuţi de tătari, acuză pe cumani de înţelegere cu năvălitorii şi îl ucid pe regele cuman Cuthen. Cumanii se răscoală, se aliază cu tătarii şi cei mai mulţi trec Dunărea în Bulgaria. O parte a lor rămân în Panonia şi urmaşii lor vor fi găsiţi aici până în secolul al XVIII-lea, vorbind limba strămoşilor lor. Limba cumană se cunoaşte, ca urmare a păstrării peste vremuri a unui manuscris din anul 1301 ce cuprinde şi un dicţionar cuman-latin-persan.

Cumanii se creştinează, dar creştinismul lor incipient păstrează o serie de obiceiuri străvechi, care se găseau şi la sciţii iranieni. Se ştie că au existat legături între români şi cumani, deseori ei luptând alături împotriva unor duşmani comuni. De la cumani ne-au rămas o serie de toponime şi probabil antroponime.

Bibliografie

  • Giurescu, Constantin C. - Istoria românilor, vol. I, ediţia a V-a, editura BIC ALL.
  • Predescu, Lucian - Enciclopedia României. Cugetarea, Editura Saeculum, Bucureşti, 1999 ISBN 973-9399-03-7